Traditionally associated with enterprise, optimism and material momentum.
Composition
Silicon dioxide (SiO₂) — quartz coloured by iron
Hardness · Chakra
7 · Solar Plexus
Natural citrine is uncommon. Most stones sold as citrine are heat-treated amethyst — the giveaway is a concentrated colour near the tip.
Traditionally linked to nerve, practical courage and seeing a situation clearly.
Composition
Quartz replacing fibrous crocidolite
Hardness · Chakra
6.5–7 · Solar Plexus, Root
The moving band is chatoyancy — light reflecting off parallel fibres. The same effect in a cabochon-cut chrysoberyl is called cat's eye.
Traditionally associated with drive, appetite and getting started.
Composition
Chalcedony coloured by iron oxide
Hardness · Chakra
6.5–7 · Sacral
Like sardonyx, hot sealing wax does not stick to it — the practical reason it dominated ancient seal-making.
Traditionally linked to confidence, clear intention and honest self-assessment.
Composition
Aluminium fluorosilicate (Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂)
Hardness · Chakra
8 · Solar Plexus, Throat
Nearly all blue topaz on the market began as colourless stone, irradiated and heated to produce the colour.
Traditionally associated with courage, appetite for life and decisive action.
Composition
Aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃) — corundum coloured by chromium
Hardness · Chakra
9 · Root, Heart
Ruby and sapphire are the same mineral. Red corundum is ruby; every other colour is sapphire.